Glossary

These are the definitions shown in Help ▸ Glossary, grouped as in the app.

Concepts#

Analyzer: A module that runs during indexing and adds findings, such as cohesion or rhetoric, to a document.

Anatomy: A bar showing how a sentence’s words divide among its clause slots, such as subject, verb, and objects.

Attribute: Attributes describe your documents; for example author, wave, or rating.

Bookmark: A marked passage to return to, with an optional comment.

Code: A label for a theme or idea that you apply to passages of text.

Code format: How coded text is drawn in the reader: highlighted, underlined, or boxed.

Code Matrix: A table of how often each code is applied in each document.

Code scope: Whether a code belongs to the whole project, to one document set, or to one document.

Code set: A named collection of codes for filtering and comparing.

Code Stats: Frequencies and coverage of codes across a scope.

Code System: The hierarchy of all codes in a project.

Codebook: The codes of a project with their descriptions and how they are used across a scope.

Coded memo: A memo attached to a passage and assigned to a code, whose attributes and tags it inherits.

Codeline: Codes present in each sentence, top to bottom.

Coding: One application of a code to a passage of text.

Constituency: Phrase structure: how words group into nested phrases.

Custom analyzer: An analyzer written in JavaScript.

Dependency: A grammatical relation between a word and the word it depends on, its head.

Dictionary: Categories of terms counted across the documents of a project.

Document: A text, web page, PDF, or transcribed recording in a project.

Document set: A named collection of documents that can serve as the scope of an analysis; a document can be in many sets.

Exclude from indexing: Matching text is skipped by indexing, but stays visible in the reader and can still be coded.

Form × Function: A matrix of which forms, such as noun phrases or clauses, do which grammatical jobs.

Group: A folder in the navigator for organizing documents; a document belongs to at most one group.

Indexing: The grammar analysis of a document: sentences, tokens, parts of speech, dependencies, and phrase structure.

Lemma: The dictionary form of a word, such as run for ran and running.

Lens: A layer that colors or annotates the text in the reader by a grammatical or analytic category.

Link: A connection between two passages, with an optional relation and comment.

Memo: A note attached to a passage, a document, a code, or the project.

Mosaic: Code colors in reading order, sized by segment length.

Portrait: A visual overview of where codes appear in a document.

Project: A collection of documents with its own codes, sets, attributes, and dictionaries.

REFI-QDA Codebook .qdc: A standard file format for exchanging code systems between qualitative analysis programs.

REFI-QDA Project .qdpx: A standard file format for exchanging whole projects between qualitative analysis programs.

Relations: A table of how often codes overlap in the same passages.

Segment: The passage of text that a coding covers.

Subcode: A code nested under another code.

Tag: A free-form label for organizing projects, documents, codes, memos, and links.

Token: A single word or punctuation mark as the parser segments the text.

Transcript: The text of a recording, with each passage linked to its time in the media.

Reader and lenses#

Bookmarks: Shows bookmarked passages.

Codes: Shows coded segments in their code colors and formats.

Cohesion: Shows how each sentence ties back to what came before.

Connectives: Annotates words that link ideas, grouped by the relation they express.

Constructions: Annotates characteristic Chinese constructions such as 把 and 被. (Chinese)

Grammatical function: Colors words by the job they do in the sentence, such as subject or object.

Metadiscourse: Annotates words with which writers guide readers, such as hedges and boosters.

Modality: Annotates expressions of ability, possibility, necessity, obligation, and volition.

Morphology: Annotates grammatical features such as tense, number, and case. (English, German)

Negation: Annotates negators and the part of the sentence they negate.

Particles: Annotates Chinese aspect particles, structural particles, and classifiers. (Chinese)

Phrase: Annotates phrases such as noun phrases and prepositional phrases.

Rhetoric: Annotates rhetorical devices found by the Rhetoric analyzer.

Sentence fields: Annotates the topological fields of German sentences. (German)

Word class: Colors each word by its part of speech.

Grammar#

Ability: Modal meaning of being able to do something.

Additive: A connective that adds information to what came before.

Adjectival Adj'l: A word or phrase that modifies a noun, doing an adjective’s job.

Adverbial Adv'l: A word, phrase, or clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or clause, telling how, when, where, or why.

Adversative: A connective that signals contrast or opposition.

Agent: In a passive clause, the doer of the action, usually introduced by by.

Appositive Appos: A noun phrase next to another that renames it, as in my friend, a teacher.

Be + adverbial S · be · ADV: “Be” linking the subject to a place or time. (English)

Be + complement S · be · SC: “Be” linking the subject to a noun or adjective that renames or describes it. (English)

Causal: A connective that signals cause, reason, or result.

Classifier: A measure word required between a number or demonstrative and a noun. (Chinese)

Complement Comp: A phrase or clause that a word needs to complete its meaning, such as the clause after decide.

Complex transitive S · V · DO · OC: A direct object plus a complement that describes it. (English)

Concessive: A connective that concedes a point without giving up the main claim.

Conditional: A connective that introduces a condition.

Conjunct Conj: An element joined by coordination to another of the same kind, such as dogs in cats and dogs.

Connector: A word that links clauses or phrases, such as a conjunction or a relative pronoun.

Ditransitive S · V · IO · DO: A verb with both an indirect and a direct object (give, send, tell...). (English)

Existential 有: 有 used to state that something exists or is present somewhere. (Chinese)

Fragment —: Not a complete independent clause. (English)

Imperative (You) · V: A command, with the subject “you” understood. (English)

Intransitive S · V: A verb with no object; the action stays with the subject. (English)

Linke Klammer: The left bracket of the German sentence frame: the finite verb in main clauses, the subordinating conjunction in subordinate clauses. (German)

Linking S · LV · SC: A linking verb (seem, become, taste...) joining the subject to a complement that describes it. (English)

Main clause: The independent clause a sentence is built around; its verb is the root of the dependency tree.

Mittelfeld: The field between the two brackets, holding objects, adverbials, and often the subject. (German)

Nachfeld: The position after the right bracket, often holding extraposed clauses. (German)

Necessity: Modal meaning of something being necessary or certain.

Negation scope: The stretch of the sentence that a negation applies to.

Negator: A word that negates, such as not, never, or no.

Object Obj: A noun phrase that completes a verb or preposition, typically the one affected by the action.

Obligation: Modal meaning of a duty or requirement placed on someone.

Possibility: Modal meaning of something being possible or likely.

Predicative Pred: A phrase after a linking verb that describes or identifies the subject, as in she is a doctor.

Question ?: A direct question. (English)

Rechte Klammer: The right bracket: non-finite verbs, separated verb particles, or the finite verb in subordinate clauses. (German)

Subject Subj: The constituent a clause is about; usually it agrees with the verb and performs the action.

Subjunctive: The German verb mood (Konjunktiv) for reported speech, hypotheses, and polite requests. (German)

Temporal: A connective that orders events in time.

Transitive S · V · DO: A verb acting on a direct object. (English)

Volition: Modal meaning of wanting or intending.

Vorfeld: The position before the finite verb in a German main clause; it holds one constituent, often the topic. (German)

了 perfective: Aspect particle marking a completed action. (Chinese)

地 adverbial: Particle linking an adverbial modifier to its verb. (Chinese)

得 complement: Particle introducing a complement of degree or result after a verb. (Chinese)

把 disposal: The 把 construction moves the object before the verb to show what is done to it. (Chinese)

是…的 focus: The 是…的 frame highlights the time, place, or manner of a past event. (Chinese)

的 attributive: Particle linking a modifier to the noun it describes. (Chinese)

着 durative: Aspect particle marking an ongoing action or a resulting state. (Chinese)

被 passive: The 被 construction marks a passive, with the affected participant as subject. (Chinese)

过 experiential: Aspect particle marking that something has been experienced at least once. (Chinese)

Part-of-speech tags#

Adjective ADJ: describes a noun; big, old, green

Adposition ADP: a preposition; in, to, during

Adverb ADV: modifies a verb or adjective; very, well, quickly

Auxiliary AUX: a helping verb; is, has, will, should

Coordinating conjunction CCONJ: joins equal parts; and, or, but

Determiner DET: introduces a noun; a, the, this

Interjection INTJ: an exclamation; oh, wow, ouch

Noun NOUN: a person, place, thing, or idea; house, time

Numeral NUM: a number; one, 2017, 3.5

Particle PART: a small function word; not, the to before a verb

Pronoun PRON: stands in for a noun; I, you, it, who

Proper noun PROPN: a name; Mary, London, NATO

Punctuation PUNCT: periods, commas, brackets

Subordinating conjunction SCONJ: opens a dependent clause; if, while, that

Whitespace SPACE: spacing the parser kept

Symbol SYM: a character such as %, $, or =

Verb VERB: an action or state; run, eat, seem

Other X: material the parser could not classify

Email / URL ADD: an address such as example.com (English)

Affix AFX: a prefix split from its word; pre in pre approved (English)

Coordinating conjunction CC: and, but, or (English)

Cardinal number CD: one, two, 3 (English)

Determiner DT: the, a, these (English)

Existential “there” EX: there in there is a problem (English)

Foreign word FW: a word from another language (English)

Hyphen HYPH (English)

Preposition / subordinating conj. IN: in, of, because (English)

Adjective JJ: green, quiet (English)

Adjective, comparative JJR: greener, quieter (English)

Adjective, superlative JJS: greenest, quietest (English)

List item marker LS: 1., a) (English)

Modal verb MD: can, must, should (English)

Non-final punctuation NFP: an ellipsis or decorative mark (English)

Noun, singular NN: table, honesty (English)

Proper noun, singular NNP: John, Paris (English)

Proper noun, plural NNPS: Vikings, Alps (English)

Noun, plural NNS: tables (English)

Predeterminer PDT: all in all the boys (English)

Possessive ending POS: the ’s in Mary’s (English)

Personal pronoun PRP: I, he, it (English)

Possessive pronoun PRP$: my, his, their (English)

Adverb RB: quickly, never (English)

Adverb, comparative RBR: faster, sooner (English)

Adverb, superlative RBS: fastest, soonest (English)

Particle RP: up in give up (English)

Symbol SYM: a character such as % or = (English)

“to” TO: the word to itself (English)

Interjection UH: uh, wow, oh (English)

Verb, base form VB: take (English)

Verb, past tense VBD: took (English)

Verb, gerund / present participle VBG: taking (English)

Verb, past participle VBN: taken (English)

Verb, non-3rd person singular present VBP: take in they take (English)

Verb, 3rd person singular present VBZ: takes in she takes (English)

Wh-determiner WDT: which, that (English)

Wh-pronoun WP: who, what (English)

Possessive wh-pronoun WP$: whose (English)

Wh-adverb WRB: where, when, how (English)

Unknown XX (English)

Sentence punctuation .: period, question mark, exclamation mark (English)

Comma , (English)

Colon / ellipsis : (English)

Opening quotation `` (English)

Closing quotation '' (English)

Left bracket -LRB- (English)

Right bracket -RRB- (English)

Adjective, attributive ADJA: der alte Mann (German)

Adjective, predicative or adverbial ADJD: er ist alt; sie singt gut (German)

Adverb ADV: schon, bald, gern (German)

Preposition APPR: in, auf, mit (German)

Preposition with article APPRART: im, zur, am (German)

Postposition APPO: der Einfachheit halber (German)

Circumposition, right part APZR: von jetzt an (German)

Article ART: der, die, das, ein (German)

Cardinal number CARD: zwei, 1994 (German)

Foreign material FM: a word from another language (German)

Interjection ITJ: ach, oh, na (German)

Subordinating conjunction with zu-infinitive KOUI: um, ohne, statt (German)

Subordinating conjunction with clause KOUS: weil, dass, obwohl (German)

Coordinating conjunction KON: und, oder, aber (German)

Comparative conjunction KOKOM: als, wie (German)

Noun, common NN: Tisch, Herr, Reise (German)

Proper noun NE: Hans, Hamburg (German)

Demonstrative pronoun, substituting PDS: dieser, jener (German)

Demonstrative pronoun, attributive PDAT: jener Mensch (German)

Indefinite pronoun, substituting PIS: keiner, viele, niemand (German)

Indefinite pronoun, attributive PIAT: kein Mensch, irgendein Glas (German)

Indefinite pronoun with determiner PIDAT: die beiden Brüder (German)

Personal pronoun PPER: ich, er, ihm, mich (German)

Possessive pronoun, substituting PPOSS: meins, deiner (German)

Possessive pronoun, attributive PPOSAT: mein Buch, deine Mutter (German)

Relative pronoun, substituting PRELS: der Hund, der bellt (German)

Relative pronoun, attributive PRELAT: der Mann, dessen Hund bellt (German)

Reflexive pronoun PRF: sich, mich, dir (German)

Interrogative pronoun, substituting PWS: wer, was (German)

Interrogative pronoun, attributive PWAT: welche Farbe, wessen Hut (German)

Interrogative or relative adverb PWAV: warum, wo, wann (German)

Pronominal adverb PROAV: dafür, dabei, deswegen (German)

zu before infinitive PTKZU: zu gehen (German)

Negation particle PTKNEG: nicht (German)

Separated verb prefix PTKVZ: er kommt an (German)

Answer particle PTKANT: ja, nein, danke (German)

Particle with adjective or adverb PTKA: am schönsten, zu schnell (German)

Truncated word, first part TRUNC: An- und Abreise (German)

Verb, finite VVFIN: du gehst, wir kommen (German)

Verb, imperative VVIMP: komm! (German)

Verb, infinitive VVINF: gehen, ankommen (German)

Verb, infinitive with zu VVIZU: anzukommen, loszulassen (German)

Verb, past participle VVPP: gegangen, angekommen (German)

Auxiliary, finite VAFIN: ist, haben, wird (German)

Auxiliary, imperative VAIMP: sei ruhig! (German)

Auxiliary, infinitive VAINF: werden, sein (German)

Auxiliary, past participle VAPP: gewesen, geworden (German)

Modal verb, finite VMFIN: kann, sollte, dürfen (German)

Modal verb, infinitive VMINF: können, wollen (German)

Modal verb, past participle VMPP: er hat gekonnt (German)

Non-word XY: letters or symbols that are not a word; H2O (German)

Sentence punctuation $.: period, question mark, exclamation mark (German)

Comma $, (German)

Other punctuation $LRB: brackets, quotes, dashes (German)

Noun, common NN: 书, 时间 (Chinese)

Proper noun NR: 北京, 王先生 (Chinese)

Temporal noun NT: 昨天, 现在 (Chinese)

Pronoun PN: 我, 他, 这 (Chinese)

Verb VV: 跑, 解释, 想 (Chinese)

Copula VC: 是 (Chinese)

Existential verb VE: 有, 没有 (Chinese)

Predicative adjective VA: 高, 温暖 as the predicate (Chinese)

Adjective, attributive JJ: 新 in 新书 (Chinese)

Adverb AD: 很, 都, 也 (Chinese)

Preposition P: 在, 向, 从 (Chinese)

Localizer LC: 上, 里, 中 after a noun (Chinese)

Measure word M: 个, 本, 张 (Chinese)

Cardinal number CD: 一, 三, 100 (Chinese)

Ordinal number OD: 第一 (Chinese)

Determiner DT: 这, 那, 每 (Chinese)

Coordinating conjunction CC: 和, 或者 (Chinese)

Subordinating conjunction CS: 虽然, 因为 (Chinese)

的, nominalizer DEC: 的 turning a clause into a modifier (Chinese)

的, associative DEG: 的 linking possessor and noun (Chinese)

得, resultative DER: 得 introducing a result or degree (Chinese)

地, manner DEV: 地 turning a phrase into an adverbial (Chinese)

Aspect particle AS: 了, 着, 过 (Chinese)

Sentence-final particle SP: 吗, 吧, 呢 (Chinese)

Et cetera ETC: 等, 等等 (Chinese)

Other particle MSP: 所, 以, 来 (Chinese)

把 construction BA: 把 fronting the object (Chinese)

被, long passive LB: 被 with the agent named (Chinese)

被, short passive SB: 被 with no agent named (Chinese)

Punctuation PU: 。，、！？ (Chinese)

Foreign word FW: a word from another language (Chinese)

Interjection IJ: 啊, 哦 (Chinese)

Onomatopoeia ON: 哗哗, 砰 (Chinese)

Other X: material the parser could not classify (Chinese)

Dependency relations#

Clausal modifier of noun acl: a clause that describes a noun (English, Chinese)

Adjectival complement acomp: happy in she seems happy (English, Chinese)

Adverbial clause modifier advcl: because it rained (English, Chinese)

Adverbial modifier advmod: very, quickly (English, Chinese)

Agent agent: the doer in a passive; by the committee (English, Chinese)

Adjectival modifier amod: red in red car (English, Chinese)

Appositional modifier appos: Sam in my friend Sam (English, Chinese)

Attribute attr: a teacher in she is a teacher (English, Chinese)

Auxiliary aux: has in has gone (English, Chinese)

Passive auxiliary auxpass: was in was taken (English, Chinese)

Case marker case: the possessive ’s (English, Chinese)

Coordinating conjunction cc: and, but, or (English, Chinese)

Clausal complement ccomp: that he left in said that he left (English, Chinese)

Compound compound: ice in ice cream (English, Chinese)

Conjunct conj: butter in bread and butter (English, Chinese)

Clausal subject csubj: what she said in what she said matters (English, Chinese)

Clausal passive subject csubjpass: a clause serving as a passive subject (English, Chinese)

Dative dative: him in gave him the keys (English, Chinese)

Unclassified dependent dep: a link the parser could not label (English, Chinese)

Determiner det: the, a, this (English, Chinese)

Direct object dobj: the ball in kicked the ball (English, Chinese)

Expletive expl: there in there is a problem (English, Chinese)

Interjection intj: oh, well (English, Chinese)

Indirect object iobj: the recipient of the action (English, Chinese)

Marker mark: that or because opening a clause (English, Chinese)

Meta modifier meta: stray material such as a byline (English, Chinese)

Negation modifier neg: not, never (English, Chinese)

Nominal modifier nmod: a noun modifying another noun (English, Chinese)

Noun phrase as adverbial modifier npadvmod: last week in arrived last week (English, Chinese)

Nominal subject nsubj: she in she runs (English, Chinese)

Passive nominal subject nsubjpass: the report in the report was filed (English, Chinese)

Numeric modifier nummod: three in three cats (English, Chinese)

Object obj: the thing the verb acts on (English, Chinese)

Object predicate oprd: green in painted it green (English, Chinese)

Parataxis parataxis: clauses set side by side; he said, I agree (English, Chinese)

Complement of preposition pcomp: a clause completing a preposition (English, Chinese)

Object of preposition pobj: town in in town (English, Chinese)

Possession modifier poss: her in her book (English, Chinese)

Pre-correlative conjunction preconj: either, both (English, Chinese)

Predeterminer predet: all in all the boys (English, Chinese)

Prepositional modifier prep: in, of, with (English, Chinese)

Particle prt: up in give up (English, Chinese)

Punctuation punct (English, Chinese)

Modifier of quantifier quantmod: about in about ten (English, Chinese)

Relative clause modifier relcl: that I read in the book that I read (English, Chinese)

Root of the sentence root: usually the main verb (English, Chinese)

Open clausal complement xcomp: to leave in wants to leave (English, Chinese)

Subject sb: die Katze in die Katze schläft (German)

Passivized subject sbp: the by-phrase of a passive; von der Jury (German)

Accusative object oa: den Ball in wirft den Ball (German)

Second accusative object oa2: a second direct object (German)

Genitive object og: an object in the genitive case (German)

Dative object da: ihm in gibt ihm das Buch (German)

Prepositional object op: auf ihn in wartet auf ihn (German)

Clausal object oc: a clause or infinitive completing the verb (German)

Predicate pd: alt in er ist alt (German)

Modifier mo: an adverbial or prepositional modifier (German)

Negation ng: nicht (German)

Noun kernel element nk: an article or adjective inside a noun phrase (German)

Genitive attribute ag: des Mannes in der Hut des Mannes (German)

Phrasal genitive pg: a von-phrase standing in for a genitive (German)

Postnominal modifier mnr: a prepositional phrase after its noun (German)

Relative clause rc: der bellt in der Hund, der bellt (German)

Apposition app: Hans in mein Freund Hans (German)

Conjunct cj: a member of a coordination (German)

Coordinating conjunction cd: und, oder (German)

Complementizer cp: dass, weil opening a clause (German)

Junctor ju: a clause-linking word such as denn (German)

Morphological particle pm: zu before an infinitive (German)

Separable verb prefix svp: an in er kommt an (German)

Expletive es ep: es in es regnet (German)

Placeholder ph: a stand-in element the clause fills later (German)

Repeated element re: material taken up again (German)

Reported speech rs: a quoted clause (German)

Unit component uc: part of a multi-word unit (German)

Vocative vo: a direct address; Hans, komm her (German)

Parenthetical par: an aside set off from the clause (German)

Proper noun component pnc: part of a multi-word name (German)

Numerical component nmc: 3,2 in 3,2 Millionen (German)

Adpositional case marker ac: the preposition heading its phrase (German)

Adjective component adc: part of a complex adjective (German)

Measure argument ams: zwei Meter in zwei Meter hoch (German)

Adverbial phrase component avc: part of a complex adverbial (German)

Comparative conjunction cm: als, wie in a comparison (German)

Comparative complement cc: dreißig in mehr als dreißig (German)

Collocational verb construction cvc: a light-verb noun; in Frage stellen (German)

Discourse marker dm: also, na ja (German)

Aspect marker aux:asp: 了, 着, 过 on the verb (Chinese)

Modal auxiliary aux:modal: 能, 会, 应该 (Chinese)

Classifier marker mark:clf: the measure word after a number (Chinese)

Noun compound compound:nn: 语法 in 语法规则 (Chinese)

Verb compound compound:vc: a resultative or directional verb pair (Chinese)

Temporal modifier nmod:tmod: 昨天 setting the time (Chinese)

Prepositional modifier nmod:prep: the noun of a prepositional phrase, attached to the verb; 台阶 in 在台阶上坐着 (Chinese)

Associative modifier nmod:assmod: an X-的 phrase before a noun (Chinese)

Topic nmod:topic: a fronted noun the clause is about (Chinese)

Possessive modifier nmod:poss: 我的 in 我的书 (Chinese)

Patient of 把 or 被 obl:patient: the affected noun in a 把 or 被 clause (Chinese)

Agent of 被 obl:agent: the doer named after 被 (Chinese)

Locative adverbial advmod:loc: a place phrase modifying the verb (Chinese)

地-phrase adverbial advmod:dvp: an X-地 phrase before the verb (Chinese)

的 marker case:dec: 的 closing a modifier (Chinese)

Copula cop: 是 in 他是老师 (Chinese)

Discourse particle discourse: 吗, 吧, 呢 at the end of a sentence (Chinese)

Resultative complement advmod:rcomp: 到 in 找到 (Chinese)

Quantity modifier nmod:range: an amount after the verb; 一半 in 减少一半 (Chinese)

把 marker aux:ba: 把 in 把门关上 (Chinese)

Particle modifier aux:prtmod: 所 in 所说的话 (Chinese)

Localizer clause advcl:loc: a clause closed by 以后 or 时 (Chinese)

List closer etc: 等 ending a list (Chinese)

Proper noun component name: part of a multi-word name (Chinese)

Phrase labels#

Adjective phrase ADJP: very tall (English)

Adverb phrase ADVP: quite slowly (English)

Conjunction phrase CONJP: as well as (English)

Fragment FRAG: an incomplete sentence (English)

Interjection INTJ: oh, wow (English)

List marker LST: 1., a) (English)

Not a constituent NAC: groups words inside a noun phrase (English)

Nominal modifier NML: nouns grouped to modify another noun (English)

Noun phrase NP: the old house (English)

Nominal head NX: the head part of a complex noun phrase (English)

Prepositional phrase PP: in the garden (English)

Parenthetical PRN: an aside set off from the clause (English)

Particle PRT: up in give up (English)

Quantifier phrase QP: about ten (English)

Reduced relative clause RRC: seen yesterday in the man seen yesterday (English)

Clause S: a subject plus its predicate (English)

Subordinate clause SBAR: because it rained (English)

Wh-question SBARQ: where did she go (English)

Inverted clause SINV: never have I seen (English)

Yes/no question SQ: did she go (English)

Unlike coordinated phrase UCP: unlike parts joined by a conjunction (English)

Verb phrase VP: ate an apple (English)

Wh-adjective phrase WHADJP: how tall (English)

Wh-adverb phrase WHADVP: how quickly (English)

Wh-noun phrase WHNP: which book (English)

Wh-prepositional phrase WHPP: in which case (English)

Unknown X (English)

Clause S: a subject plus its predicate (German)

Coordinated clauses CS: clauses joined by und or oder (German)

Noun phrase NP: das alte Haus (German)

Coordinated noun phrases CNP: Brot und Butter (German)

Prepositional phrase PP: im Garten (German)

Coordinated prepositional phrases CPP: im Haus und im Garten (German)

Adjective phrase AP: sehr alt (German)

Coordinated adjective phrases CAP: alt und müde (German)

Adverb phrase AVP: ziemlich schnell (German)

Coordinated adverb phrases CAVP: hier und dort (German)

Verb phrase, non-finite VP: an infinitive or participle group (German)

Coordinated verb phrases CVP: non-finite verb groups joined (German)

zu-infinitive VZ: zu gehen (German)

Coordinated zu-infinitives CVZ: zu kommen und zu gehen (German)

Coordination CO: unlike parts joined by a conjunction (German)

Multi-word proper noun PN: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (German)

Multi-token number NM: zwei Millionen (German)

Superlative phrase with am AA: am schönsten (German)

Chunk CH: foreign or unanalyzed material (German)

Idiosyncratic unit ISU: a fixed expression (German)

Discourse-level constituent DL: material above the clause (German)

Coordinated adpositions CAC: vor und nach (German)

Coordinated complementizers CCP: ob und wann (German)

Multi-token adjective MTA: New Yorker (German)

Clause IP: a subject plus its predicate (Chinese)

Clause with complementizer CP: a 的- or 吗-closed clause (Chinese)

Noun phrase NP: 那座老房子 (Chinese)

Prepositional phrase PP: 在花园里 (Chinese)

Adjective phrase ADJP: 大型, 主要 (Chinese)

Adverb phrase ADVP: 非常, 已经 (Chinese)

Verb phrase VP: 吃了一个苹果 (Chinese)

的-phrase DNP: X 的 modifying a noun (Chinese)

地-phrase DVP: X 地 modifying a verb (Chinese)

Localizer phrase LCP: 桌子上, 房间里 (Chinese)

Classifier phrase CLP: a measure word and what it counts (Chinese)

Quantifier phrase QP: 大约十个 (Chinese)

Determiner phrase DP: 这本, 每个 (Chinese)

Coordinated verb compound VCD: verbs acting as one; 调查研究 (Chinese)

Verb-resultative compound VRD: verb plus result; 打破 (Chinese)

Serial verb construction VSB: one verb chained onto another (Chinese)

Verb-copula compound VCP: a verb fused with 是 (Chinese)

V-not-V question VNV: 去不去, 是不是 (Chinese)

Potential verb form VPT: verb with 得 or 不 inside; 看得见 (Chinese)

List marker LST: （一）, 1. (Chinese)

Parenthetical PRN: （包括香港） (Chinese)

Fragment FRAG: 新华社北京电 (Chinese)

Unlike coordinated phrase UCP: 安全和稳定 (Chinese)

Interjection INTJ: 啊, 哎呀 (Chinese)

Morphology#

Tense: when the action happens; past or present (English, German)

Grammatical number Number: singular or plural (English, German)

Person: 1st (I), 2nd (you), or 3rd (she) person (English, German)

Mood: statement (indicative), command (imperative), or subjunctive (English, German)

Verb form VerbForm: finite, infinitive, participle, or gerund (English, German)

Case: subject form (nominative), object forms (accusative, dative), or possessive form (genitive) (English, German)

Degree of comparison Degree: positive, comparative, or superlative (English, German)

Aspect: ongoing (progressive) or completed (perfect) (English, German)

Gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter (English, German)

Pronoun type PronType: personal, demonstrative, interrogative, relative (English, German)

Definiteness Definite: definite (the) or indefinite (a) (English, German)

Polarity: negation; not, never (English, German)

Possessive Poss: possessive words; my, their (English, German)

Reflexive Reflex: reflexive pronouns; herself, themselves (English, German)

Number type NumType: cardinal (three), ordinal (third), or multiplicative (once) (English, German)

Punctuation type PunctType: period, comma, quotation mark, bracket, or dash (English, German)

Conjunction type ConjType: coordinating conjunctions; and, or, but (English, German)

Perfect Aspect=Perf (English, German)

Progressive Aspect=Prog (English, German)

Accusative Case=Acc (English, German)

Dative Case=Dat (English, German)

Genitive Case=Gen (English, German)

Nominative Case=Nom (English, German)

Coordinating ConjType=Cmp (English, German)

Definite Definite=Def (English, German)

Indefinite Definite=Ind (English, German)

Comparative Degree=Cmp (English, German)

Positive Degree=Pos (English, German)

Superlative Degree=Sup (English, German)

Feminine Gender=Fem (English, German)

Masculine Gender=Masc (English, German)

Neuter Gender=Neut (English, German)

Imperative Mood=Imp (English, German)

Indicative Mood=Ind (English, German)

Subjunctive Mood=Sub (English, German)

Cardinal NumType=Card (English, German)

Multiplicative NumType=Mult (English, German)

Ordinal NumType=Ord (English, German)

Plural Number=Plur (English, German)

Singular Number=Sing (English, German)

1st person Person=1 (English, German)

2nd person Person=2 (English, German)

3rd person Person=3 (English, German)

Negative Polarity=Neg (English, German)

Possessive Poss=Yes (English, German)

Article PronType=Art (English, German)

Demonstrative PronType=Dem (English, German)

Indefinite PronType=Ind (English, German)

Interrogative PronType=Int (English, German)

Personal PronType=Prs (English, German)

Relative PronType=Rel (English, German)

Bracket PunctType=Brck (English, German)

Comma PunctType=Comm (English, German)

Dash PunctType=Dash (English, German)

Period PunctType=Peri (English, German)

Quotation mark PunctType=Quot (English, German)

Reflexive Reflex=Yes (English, German)

Past Tense=Past (English, German)

Present Tense=Pres (English, German)

Finite VerbForm=Fin (English, German)

Gerund VerbForm=Ger (English, German)

Infinitive VerbForm=Inf (English, German)

Participle VerbForm=Part (English, German)

Text statistics#

Automated Readability Index ARI: Grade estimate from characters per word and words per sentence. (English)

Avg. sentence length: The average number of words per sentence.

Avg. tree depth: Average depth of the deepest dependency chain per sentence.

Avg. word length: The average number of letters per word, or characters per word in Chinese.

Characters: The number of characters in the text.

Characters per sentence: The average number of characters per sentence; a length measure suited to Chinese. (Chinese)

Clauses per sentence: Average number of clause constituents per sentence.

Co-occurrence: Two codes applied to overlapping passages of the same document.

Coleman-Liau: Grade estimate from letters and sentences per 100 words; no syllable counting. (English)

Coverage: The share of a text’s characters covered by a code, counting overlapping segments once.

Dialogue share: The share of words inside quotation marks; estimated from quote pairing.

Embedded clause share: The share of clauses nested inside another clause.

Flesch Reading Ease: 0–100 scale; higher is easier. 60–70 reads as plain English. Syllables are estimated. (English)

Flesch-Amstad: The German adaptation of Flesch Reading Ease; higher is easier. Syllables are estimated. (German)

Flesch-Kincaid Grade: US school grade needed to read the text comfortably. Syllables are estimated. (English)

Gunning Fog: Years of schooling needed; counts long sentences and words of three or more syllables. Syllables are estimated. (English)

Hapax ratio: The share of unique words that occur exactly once.

Läsbarhetsindex LIX: Sentence length plus the share of words over six letters; 40 is average difficulty. (English, German)

Lexical density: The share of content words (not the, of, is); higher reads as denser.

Mean dependency distance MDD: Average distance between a word and its syntactic head; larger distances are harder to process.

Moving-average type-token ratio MATTR: Type-token ratio averaged over a moving 100-word window, so it compares across texts of different lengths.

Paragraphs: The number of paragraphs, divided at blank lines when the text has any, and otherwise at every line break.

Particle density: Particles such as 的, 了, and 着 per 100 words. (Chinese)

Passive sentences: The share of sentences containing a passive construction.

Questions and exclamations: The share of sentences that end in a question mark or exclamation mark.

Sentences: The number of sentences the parser found.

Sentences per paragraph: The average number of sentences in each paragraph.

Simple Measure of Gobbledygook SMOG: Grade estimate from the number of words with three or more syllables per sentence, normalized to 30 sentences. Syllables are estimated. (English)

Stopword share: The share of function words like the, of, and is.

Type-token ratio TTR: Unique words divided by total words; higher means more varied vocabulary.

Unique words: The number of distinct lemmas (types).

Wiener Sachtextformel: German school-grade estimate from syllables, sentence length, and word length. Syllables are estimated. (German)

Words: The number of word tokens, not counting punctuation and spaces.

Association measures#

Chi-square test χ²: Tests whether the share of documents with a code differs between three or more groups more than chance would explain; documents without a value are left out.

Cramér’s V V: The strength of the difference the chi-square test measures, from 0 (no difference) to 1.

Cubed mutual information MI3: A variant of mutual information that cubes the observed count, reducing its bias toward rare pairs.

Dice coefficient Dice: Twice the co-occurrence count divided by the sum of the partner’s frequency and the node’s total (the words in its windows for collocates, or its pairings in that relation for word sketches); ranges from 0 to 1.

Expected: The number of co-occurrences to expect if the two words were independent.

Fisher exact test: A significance test for small counts, used to find characteristic relations in Sketch Space and to compare two groups in the Code Matrix.

Frequency f: How often two words occur together: within the window in Collocates, or linked in the relation in a word sketch.

Log-likelihood LL: A significance statistic (G²) comparing observed with expected co-occurrence; higher means stronger evidence of association.

logDice: 14 plus the base-2 logarithm of the Dice coefficient; its maximum is 14 and it compares well across corpora of different sizes.

Mutual information MI: The base-2 logarithm of observed over expected co-occurrence: how much more often two words meet than by chance.

p-value p: The probability of an association at least this strong arising by chance; smaller values are stronger evidence.

Phi coefficient φ: The strength of association between two codes, from 0 to 1, computed from how their passages overlap.

t-score: Observed minus expected co-occurrence, divided by the square root of the observed count; favors frequent, dependable pairs.

z-score: Observed minus expected co-occurrence, divided by the square root of the expected count.

Word sketches#

Adjective modifiers: Adjectives that modify the sketched noun.

Adverb modifiers: Adverbs that modify the sketched word.

Characteristic relation *: A relation that a code or group of documents uses significantly more often than the rest of the scope (one-sided Fisher exact test, p < .05).

Code Sketch: A word sketch whose partners are grouped by the codes that cover them.

Collocate: A word that occurs near another word more often than chance would predict.

Complement of: Words that the sketched word completes.

Complements: Words or clauses that complete the sketched word.

Coordinated with: Words joined to the sketched word by and, or, and similar conjunctions.

In compounds with: Words that form compounds with the sketched word.

Modifiers: In Sketch Space, all modifying relations combined: Adjective modifiers, Adverb modifiers, and Modifies.

Modifies: Words that the sketched word modifies.

Object of: Verbs that take the sketched noun as their object.

Objects: Nouns that act as the object of the sketched verb.

Prepositional phrases: Prepositional phrases attached to the sketched word, grouped by preposition.

Sketch Space: A comparison of a word’s grammatical partners across codes or groups of documents, marking the relations that are characteristic of each.

Subject of: Verbs that take the sketched noun as their subject.

Subjects: Nouns that act as the subject of the sketched verb.

Word Sketch: A one-page summary of a word’s grammatical partners, grouped by relation and ranked by logDice.

Discourse#

Absolute phrase: A noun + participle standing apart from the main clause, zooming in on one detail. (English)

Anaphora: Consecutive sentences opening with the same words, building rhythm and insistence through repetition.

Appositive: A noun phrase set beside another to rename it, adding information without spending a whole clause.

Attitude marker: Signals the writer’s stance toward the content (unfortunately, remarkably).

Booster: Closes down doubt; commits the writer fully (clearly, certainly).

Cohesion check: The known to new contract; each sentence should open on familiar ground.

Connective: Steers the reader between ideas (however, therefore, meanwhile).

Correlative pair: Paired conjunctions that throw extra weight onto the joined elements.

Demonstrative tie: The theme points back with a demonstrative, such as this or these.

Engagement: Pulls the reader in directly (you, we, consider, imagine).

Final particle: Sentence-final stance marker (吗, 呢, 吧, 啊). (Chinese)

Focus construction: there-transformations, what-clefts, and it-clefts that reshape the sentence to drop new information into the stress position.

Fronted opener: Opens with an adverbial or participial phrase instead of the subject, setting the scene before the actor arrives.

Hedge: Softens a claim; opens space for doubt (perhaps, may, suggests).

Modal particle: Tones the utterance toward the listener (ja, doch, eben, halt). (German)

New topic: The theme does not tie back to the two sentences before, or the sentence has no theme at all; a possible break in cohesion.

Nominalization: An action packaged as a noun (decide -> decision). Hides who is doing what and stacks abstractions; unpack to recover a live verb.

Opening: The first sentence of the document, which has nothing earlier to tie back to.

Parallelism: Coordinated elements built to the same grammatical shape (a tricolon, a balanced pair) so the form carries the meaning.

Passive voice: The doer slips out of subject position, foregrounding the receiver.

Periodic sentence: The main verb arrives late, after stacked modifiers, holding the reader in suspension until the clause resolves. (English, German)

Possessive tie: The theme refers back with a possessive, such as its or their.

Power word: A superlative or intensified word that seizes the stress and turns a fact into an arguable claim.

Pronoun tie: The sentence’s theme refers back with a pronoun to something already mentioned.

Question / command: A shift out of plain statement; a question that pulls the reader in, an imperative that addresses them directly.

Repeated word: The theme repeats a content word from the previous sentences.

Zero anaphora: The subject is left out and understood from the previous sentence; common in Chinese. (Chinese)

Abbreviations and symbols#

Adverbial ADV: In sentence patterns, a required adverbial such as a place or time after be. (English)

American Psychological Association APA: A citation style.

Chinese Treebank CTB: The Chinese scheme used for fine-grained tags and phrase labels. (Chinese)

Collocation window ± n: How many token positions on each side of a word, within its sentence, count as nearby when finding collocates.

Comma-separated values CSV: A plain-text table format that spreadsheets open.

Digital Object Identifier DOI: A permanent identifier for a publication.

Direct object DO: In sentence patterns, the noun phrase directly affected by the verb. (English)

Form of be be: In sentence patterns, any form of the verb be. (English)

Implied subject (You): In sentence patterns, the unstated subject of a command. (English)

Indirect object IO: In sentence patterns, the recipient or beneficiary of the action. (English)

Linking verb LV: In sentence patterns, a verb such as seem or become that links the subject to a description. (English)

Modern Language Association MLA: A citation style.

Object complement OC: In sentence patterns, a phrase that describes the object, as in they elected her president. (English)

Paragraph ¶: Paragraph number, as shown in the reader’s status bar and locators.

Penn Treebank PTB: The fine-grained English tagset and phrase labels. (English)

Portable Document Format PDF: A document format; exported graphics are vector PDFs, and PDFs can be imported as documents.

Portable Network Graphics PNG: A bitmap image format used for exported graphics.

Qualitative data analysis QDA: Analysis of non-numerical material such as texts and recordings, usually by coding passages.

Regular expression regex: A text pattern; used to exclude matching text from indexing and to match text in queries.

Root ROOT: The head of the whole sentence in a dependency tree.

Sentence S: Sentence number, as shown in the reader’s status bar.

Stuttgart-Tübingen Tagset STTS: The fine-grained German tagset. (German)

Subject S: In sentence patterns, the subject. (English)

Subject complement SC: In sentence patterns, a phrase after be or a linking verb that describes the subject. (English)

TIGER: The German treebank scheme used for dependency and phrase labels. (German)

Token T: Token number within the sentence, as shown in the reader’s status bar.

Universal part-of-speech tags UPOS: The part-of-speech tags of Universal Dependencies, the same for every language.

Verb V: In sentence patterns, the main verb. (English)

Web address URL: The address of a web page.